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field--name-field-full-text-pdf field--type-file field--label-inline"> <div class="field--label"> 全文PDF<gydF4y2Ba/div> <div class="field--item"> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span><a href="//m.byopera.com/system/files/pdf/28_3-FTIR.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=1824920" title="Synchrotron-based微型红外光谱测绘调查earthworm-secreted碳酸钙球gydF4y2Ba" target="_blank" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom">Synchrotron-based微型红外光谱测绘调查earthworm-secreted碳酸钙球<gydF4y2Ba/a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"> <h4>马克·e·霍德森<gydF4y2Basup>一个<gydF4y2Ba/sup><span style="line-height: 16.2px;">藤本植物g .本宁<gydF4y2Ba/span><sup>b, c<gydF4y2Ba/sup><span style="line-height: 16.2px;">Gianfelice五,<gydF4y2Ba/span><sup>d<gydF4y2Ba/sup><span style="line-height: 16.2px;">Bea Demarchi<gydF4y2Ba/span><sup>e<gydF4y2Ba/sup><span style="line-height: 16.2px;">马克Frogley<gydF4y2Ba/span><sup>d<gydF4y2Ba/sup><span style="line-height: 16.2px;">斯蒂·再见Penkman<gydF4y2Ba/span><sup>e<gydF4y2Ba/sup><span style="line-height: 16.2px;">胡安·d·Rodriguez-Blanco<gydF4y2Ba/span><sup>b, f<gydF4y2Ba/sup><span style="line-height: 16.2px;">保罗•f•斯科菲尔德<gydF4y2Ba/span><sup>g<gydF4y2Ba/sup><span style="line-height: 16.2px;">艾玛嗜Versteegh<gydF4y2Ba/span><sup>h<gydF4y2Ba/sup><span style="line-height: 16.2px;">和凯蒂赫贝<gydF4y2Ba/span><sup>d<gydF4y2Ba/sup></h4> <p><sup>一个<gydF4y2Ba/sup>环境部门,约克大学,YO10 5 dd纽约,英国。电子邮件:<一个href="//m.byopera.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="d7bab6a5bcf9bfb8b3a4b8b997aeb8a5bcf9b6b4f9a2bc">(电子邮件保护)<gydF4y2Ba/span></a><br><sup>b<gydF4y2Ba/sup>科恩实验室,利兹大学地球与环境学院LS2 9 jt利兹,英国<bgydF4y2Bar><sup>c<gydF4y2Ba/sup>德国地球科学研究中心的亥姆霍兹中心波茨坦Telegrafenberg, 14473波茨坦,德国<bgydF4y2Bar><sup>d<gydF4y2Ba/sup>Beamline B22,钻石光源,钻石,哈维尔科学和创新校园,德,牛津郡,OX11 0德,英国<bgydF4y2Bar><sup>e<gydF4y2Ba/sup>BioArCh、化学、考古学、约克大学,纽约,英国<bgydF4y2Bar><sup>f<gydF4y2Ba/sup>纳米科学中心、化学系、哥本哈根大学,2100年丹麦哥本哈根<bgydF4y2Bar><sup>g<gydF4y2Ba/sup>矿物和行星科学、地球科学、自然历史博物馆,英国伦敦SW7 5双相障碍<bgydF4y2Bar><sup>h<gydF4y2Ba/sup>土壤研究中心、地理学、环境科学、考古学、学院的地理和环境科学,大学读书,沃金厄姆RG6 6 dw,英国<gydF4y2Ba/p> <h2>作品简介:蚯蚓和碳酸钙<gydF4y2Ba/h2> <p>一些种类的蚯蚓,包括<egydF4y2Bam>地龙terrestris<gydF4y2Ba/em>,通常称为lob蠕虫或爬虫,分泌millimetre-scale颗粒的碳酸钙(见图1)。<一个href="#ref1"><sup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup></a>这些颗粒造成的问题是,并非最不重要的是,他们提供的功能(我们认为他们是参与调节pH值)。本文地址关于颗粒的矿物组成的问题。颗粒开始生活作为一个乳白色的液体,暂停微米尺寸无定形碳酸钙,在最后面的三双袋一起形成蚯蚓的石灰质腺。这种腺位于10之间<gydF4y2Basup>th<gydF4y2Ba/sup>和12<gydF4y2Basup>th<gydF4y2Ba/sup>段<egydF4y2Bam>L.terrestris<gydF4y2Ba/em>。最后面的袋的乳白色的液体传递最重要的,在这个过程中,球晶聚合在一起,主要recrystallise方解石之前向蚯蚓肠道排泄,从那里进入土壤。<一个href="#ref2"><sup>2<gydF4y2Ba/sup></a>奇怪的是soil-secreted颗粒的矿物组成,而它们以方解石为主,常见的碳酸钙晶形,不同的多晶型物(化学成分相同,但不同的原子和分子排列给不同的矿物形式)的碳酸钙granules-aragonite也可以发现,球霰石和无定形碳酸钙(ACC)。<gydF4y2Basup><a href="#ref2">2<gydF4y2Ba/a>,<一个href="#ref3">3<gydF4y2Ba/a></sup>我们发现非晶碳酸钙颗粒中几岁,这很奇怪。如果化学家纯无定形碳酸钙在实验室使用无机化学,它极其不稳定,将在几分钟内结晶多晶型物,如方解石。有实验证据表明,有机分子稳定无定形碳酸钙,可以通过绑定无定形碳酸钙的表面分子簇和抑制他们的溶解和再结晶,或者绑定到Ca<gydF4y2Basup>2 +<gydF4y2Ba/sup>与HCO离子抑制或阻碍他们的交互<gydF4y2Basub>3<gydF4y2Ba/sub><sup>- - - - - -<gydF4y2Ba/sup>和有限公司<gydF4y2Basub>3<gydF4y2Ba/sub>。<gydF4y2Basup><a href="#ref2">2<gydF4y2Ba/a>,<一个href="#ref3">3<gydF4y2Ba/a>,<一个href="#ref4">4<gydF4y2Ba/a></sup></p> <p>在这项研究中,我们希望确定ACC的颗粒是由有机分子稳定的。除了良好的老式的科学好奇心有潜在工业效益在理解碳酸钙的不同形式的稳定性这个材料是用在许多行业。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>最初我们的大部分成分颗粒使用傅里叶变换红外(ir)光谱然后我们进行了一些空间分析与解决synchrotron-basedµ-FT-IR映射在Beamline B22(多模红外成像和显微镜,米利暗)的钻石半岛综合体育官方APP下载德甲光源,在英国。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="28 _3-ftir-fig1gydF4y2Ba" height="567" src="//m.byopera.com/sites/default/files/articles/28_3-FTIR-Fig1.jpg" width="200"></p> <p class="caption" style="text-align: center;">图1所示。颗粒分泌碳酸钙的蚯蚓<egydF4y2Bam>l . terrestris<gydF4y2Ba/em>。酒吧,规模400µm;中间,比例尺100µm;底,规模20µm酒吧。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <h2>大部分颗粒的成分<gydF4y2Ba/h2> <p>我们的第一个挑战是收集一些颗粒。我们买了一些<egydF4y2Bam>l . terrestris<gydF4y2Ba/em><em></em>蚯蚓从蠕虫直接(旱地、亵渎、Nr莫尔登埃塞克斯CM9 6 qs,英国)。由于渔民和园丁有很好的商业物资种类的蚯蚓。我们从不同的地方收集土壤伯克希尔哈撒韦公司,英国、干土,然后已筛<egydF4y2Bam><<gydF4y2Ba/em>250µm。然后我们滋润土壤和栽培蚯蚓为27天。蚯蚓被移除和土壤渗<egydF4y2Bam><<gydF4y2Ba/em>500µm。这允许我们收集颗粒<egydF4y2Bam>ca<gydF4y2Ba/em>直径2毫米,汇聚成的土壤。次级样本的这些颗粒是地面和粉末通过红外光谱分析使用一个A2-Technology(美国丹伯里)麦蓝不仅便携式中光谱仪配备了一个钻石内部反射(DATR)半岛综合体育官方APP下载德甲能力为了确定碳酸钙存在的形式和液相色谱的氨基酸含量。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>碳酸钙很容易识别使用傅立叶变换红外光谱(参见图2)。水晶碳酸盐阶段方解石等不同的乐队在~ 714厘米半岛综合体育官方APP下载德甲<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>(ν<gydF4y2Basub><sub>4<gydF4y2Ba/sub></sub>)~ 866厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>(ν<gydF4y2Basub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>)~ 1084厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>(ν<gydF4y2Basub>1<gydF4y2Ba/sub>),1420 - 1470厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>(ν<gydF4y2Basub>3<gydF4y2Ba/sub>)在ACC缺乏明显的振动带~ 714厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>散装颗粒有不同的傅立叶变换红外光谱峰面积比率为ν<gydF4y2Basub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>:ν<gydF4y2Basub>4<gydF4y2Ba/sub>和ν<gydF4y2Basub>3<gydF4y2Ba/sub>:ν<gydF4y2Basub>4<gydF4y2Ba/sub>乐队表明不同比率的无定形碳酸钙(更高的比率)水晶碳酸钙颗粒(比率越低)。我们不能检测相对应的光谱带有机分子颗粒内但这可能是由于低浓度和检测问题。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>的液相色谱法进行颗粒并显示一系列氨基酸的存在。这些可能是最初为氨基酸或蛋白质,我们提取方法使蛋白质分解成氨基酸构建块。当我们的氨基酸含量颗粒相比,峰面积比我们看到好两者之间的相关性等多种氨基酸天冬氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酸/谷氨酰胺和苯丙氨酸。虽然相关性不等于因果关系,这表明蛋白质或氨基酸可能稳定无定形碳酸钙。进一步研究这个问题,我们决定进行空间分析,看看相关的有机分子是无定形碳酸钙。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <h2>颗粒的空间分析<gydF4y2Ba/h2> <p>首先,我们收集了一些蚯蚓颗粒。我们嵌入这些颗粒EpoFIX (Struers)树脂块和地面的树脂颗粒的横截面图。这些样本分析beamline B22钻石光源使用力量的顶点80 V傅立叶变换红外光谱仪器连接到一个亥伯龙神3000显微镜生产µ-FT-IR地图。光谱与液体收集在反射模式N<gydF4y2Basub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>冷却Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride (MCT)宽带检波器,在4厘米的决议<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>128年和1024年之间co-adding扫描每点。两大(<egydF4y2Bam>ca<gydF4y2Ba/em>μm 700×700μm, 20 - 25μm光圈,内部碳硅棒和同步加速器上金镜子和硒化锌衬底,分别)和小(<egydF4y2Bam>ca<gydF4y2Ba/em>100µm×150µm 6µm光圈,同步源,黄金镜像引用)规模的地图生产区域颗粒横截面。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>我们试图在地图上标出的无定形碳酸钙颗粒的分布处理我们的数据在四个独立的方式使用作品7.2(力量)的软件。在我们制定的最直接的方法傅立叶变换红外光谱信号的强度在855厘米之间<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>和890厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>(n<gydF4y2Basub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>峰)和695厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>和716厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>(ν<gydF4y2Basub>4<gydF4y2Ba/sub>)和峰值的比值。ν的<gydF4y2Basub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>:ν<gydF4y2Basub>4<gydF4y2Ba/sub>ACC的峰值比率应该是最高的地区。第二,我们进行了聚类分析的二阶导数,855 - 890厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>和695 - 716厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>区域的光谱向量正常化。尽管这种方法不允许我们识别无定形和结晶碳酸钙与类似的傅立叶变换红外光谱识别领域。最后,我们使用标准的无定形碳酸钙和方解石光谱组件(参见图2)进行回归我们的地图上,考虑到650 - 1200厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>的范围内。由此产生的强度地图显示标准光谱之间的配合有多好(ACC或方解石)和频谱在红外光谱图上的每个点。这些四个独立的方法确定相似的地区可能是由无定形碳酸钙(参见图3)之间有很好的对应关系。ν高的领域<gydF4y2Basub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>:ν<gydF4y2Basub>4<gydF4y2Ba/sub>比和峰值显示最匹配的领域标准光谱无定形碳酸钙。同样有好的低ν的地区之间的通信<gydF4y2Basub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>:ν<gydF4y2Basub>4<gydF4y2Ba/sub>比和峰值显示区域的最佳匹配的标准光谱方解石。最后,确定的聚类分析领域有明显的傅立叶变换红外光谱特征与高、低ν<gydF4y2Basub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>:ν<gydF4y2Basub>4<gydF4y2Ba/sub>峰值区域。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="28 _3-ftir-fig2gydF4y2Ba" height="340" src="//m.byopera.com/sites/default/files/articles/28_3-FTIR-Fig2.jpg" width="550"></p> <p class="caption" style="text-align: center;">图2。典型的傅立叶变换红外光谱的方解石,碳酸钙晶体和无定形碳酸钙。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="28 _3-ftir-fig3gydF4y2Ba" height="294" src="//m.byopera.com/sites/default/files/articles/28_3-FTIR-Fig3.jpg" width="550"></p> <p class="caption" style="text-align: center;">图3。图片和强度的地图从synchrotron-basedµ-FT-IR earthworm-secreted碳酸钙颗粒的映射。)是200µm比例尺。横截面的)反射光图像通过颗粒;b) 855 - 890 cm - 1(ν2),c) 695 - 716 cm - 1(ν4)和d)ν2:ν4比强度地图显示中存在无定形碳酸钙的下半部分地图和方解石在上半部分;e)聚类分析地图领域截然不同的傅立叶变换红外光谱在地图的上下两半;f)无定形碳酸钙和g)方解石成分回归强度地图表明非晶碳酸钙的下半部分地图和方解石的上半部分。µ-FTIR强度地图,红色代表高强度和蓝色表明低强度。这个数字是取自Hodson et al。(2015)。<一个href="#ref5"><sup>5<gydF4y2Ba/sup></a></p> <p>确定了ACC我们曾希望确定乐队相关的有机化合物在我们的光谱,看看是否有任何关系。我们没有看到一个高峰在1650厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>酰胺我乐队将在哪里发生的,不幸的是我们的光谱有一个广泛的峰值在1570 - 1350厘米吗<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>波数范围,我们曾希望看到不同的山峰1540厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>和1450厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>对应二酰胺和三脂质/酰胺乐队,分别。ν的<gydF4y2Basub>3<gydF4y2Ba/sub>方解石的峰值也出现在这个范围内(在1420 - 1470厘米<gydF4y2Basup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup>)。迄今为止我们一直无法deconvolute这个混合组件的峰值。我们现在尝试使用另一种光谱technique-scanning透射x射线显微镜钻石光源(Beamline I08),做同样的工作使用Ca边缘附近的x射线吸收光谱(黄嘌呤)映射到确定碳酸钙存在的形式和C黄嘌呤,以确定任何碳存在于非晶碳酸钙存在有机碳而不是碳酸盐岩地区。半岛综合体育官方APP下载德甲<gydF4y2Ba/p> <h2>确认<gydF4y2Ba/h2> <p>这项工作是由NERC赠款NE / F009623/1和NE / H021914/1A,白玫瑰财团格兰特和beamtime赠款SM9197和SM8989下钻石光源。我们感谢利华休姆信托赞助金融支持NEaar实验室,约克大学和希拉•泰勒(约克大学)为氨基酸分析提供技术支持。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <h2>引用<gydF4y2Ba/h2> <ol> <li><a name="ref1" id="ref1"></a>M.G. Canti和T.G. Piearce形态和动力学的碳酸钙颗粒由不同的蚯蚓物种”,<egydF4y2Bam>Pedobiol<gydF4y2Ba/em>。511 - 521 (2003)。doi:<一个href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0031-4056-00221">http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0031 - 4056 - 00221<gydF4y2Ba/a></li> <li><a name="ref2" id="ref2"></a>l . Gago-Duport M.J.I. Briones, J.B.罗德里格斯和b . Covelo“无定形碳酸钙生物矿化在蚯蚓的石灰质腺:通路水晶的形成阶段”,<egydF4y2Bam>j . Struct。医学杂志。<gydF4y2Ba/em>162年,422 - 435 (2008)。doi:<一个href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2008.02.007">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2008.02.007<gydF4y2Ba/a></li> <li><a name="ref3" id="ref3"></a>迈克尔•斯科菲尔德l . Brinza功率因数、Hodson, s .韦勒k . Ignatyev k . Geraki警察局奎因和J.F.W. Mosselmans,“结合µXANES和µXRD映射分析异质性的碳酸钙颗粒排出的蚯蚓<egydF4y2Bam>地龙terrestris<gydF4y2Ba/em>”,<egydF4y2Bam>j .同步加速器Rad。<gydF4y2Ba/em>21,235 - 241 (2014)。doi:<一个href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S160057751%20303083">303083年http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S160057751<gydF4y2Ba/a>X<gydF4y2Ba/li> <li><a name="ref4" id="ref4"></a>D.J. Tobler J.D. Rodriguez-Blanco, k . Dideriksen株式会社沙子,n .波维表本宁低速齿轮和Stipp S.L.S.,”天冬氨酸和甘氨酸的影响非晶碳酸钙(ACC)结构,稳定和结晶”,<egydF4y2Bam>Proc。地球的星球。Sci<gydF4y2Ba/em>。143 - 148 (2014)。doi:<一个href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2014.08.047">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2014.08.047<gydF4y2Ba/a></li> <li><a name="ref5" id="ref5"></a>本宁卷Hodson低速齿轮,b . Demarchi k . Penkman J.D. Rodriguez-Blanco,功率因数斯科菲尔德和E.A.A. 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