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class="content clearfix"> <article data-history-node-id="923" role="article" class="node node--type-article article is-promoted full clearfix"> <footer class="submitted"> <span class="field-content created-black"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>2012年12月1日|<一个href="//m.byopera.com/latest-articles">文章<gydF4y2Ba/a></span> <br> <span class="field-content created-black">发表在<gydF4y2Baem>半岛综合体育官方APP下载德甲光谱学欧洲/世界bdapp官方下载安卓版<gydF4y2Ba/em>卷。<gydF4y2Badiv class="field field--name-field-volume field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item"> 24<gydF4y2Ba/div>问题<gydF4y2Badiv class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item"> 6<gydF4y2Ba/div>(<gydF4y2Badiv class="field field--name-field-year field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item"> 2012年<gydF4y2Ba/div>)<gydF4y2Ba/span> </footer> <div class="header-info"> <div class="article-addthis"></div> <div class="pdf-download"> <div class="field field--name-field-full-text-pdf field--type-file field--label-inline"> <div class="field--label"> 全文PDF<gydF4y2Ba/div> <div class="field--item"> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span><a href="//m.byopera.com/system/files/pdf/SIMS-24-6.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=3187200" title="G-SIMS:一个强大的方法,简化复杂的二次离子质谱和解释gydF4y2Ba" target="_blank" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom">G-SIMS:一个强大的方法,简化复杂的二次离子质谱和解释<gydF4y2Ba/a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"> <h4 class="aAuthor">伊恩·s·吉尔摩<gydF4y2Basup>一个<gydF4y2Ba/sup>Satoka Aoyagi,<gydF4y2Basup>b<gydF4y2Ba/sup>伊恩·w·弗莱彻<gydF4y2Basup>c<gydF4y2Ba/sup>和马丁·p·Seah<gydF4y2Basup>一个<gydF4y2Ba/sup></h4> <p class="aAffil"><sup>一个<gydF4y2Ba/sup>国家物理实验室,特丁顿,英国米德尔塞克斯,TW11 0 lw,。电子邮件:<一个href="//m.byopera.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f099919ede97999c9d9f8295b09e809cde939fde859b">(电子邮件保护)<gydF4y2Ba/span></a><br><sup>b<gydF4y2Ba/sup>岛大学生命与环境科学学院1060年Nishikawatsu-cho Matsue-shi,岛根县,690 - 8504年,日本<bgydF4y2Bar><sup>c<gydF4y2Ba/sup>天祥集团味精、威尔顿中心,雷德卡,TS10 4射频,英国<gydF4y2Ba/p> <h2>介绍<gydF4y2Ba/h2> <p>在表面和界面化学是主要的重要的许多高创新产品的正确操作包括药物输送系统、医疗设备、有机电子显示器和个人护理产品。二次离子质谱(SIMS)已经成为一个成功的和受欢迎的技术来研究这种材料由于其高化学特异性,ppm表面灵敏度和空间分辨率的图像的能力几百纳米。<一个href="#Ref1"><sup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup></a>最近,许多有机物分子影像的能力在3 d深度分辨率5 nm已经成为可能。这个测量突破允许复杂的结构,如一个像素的有机发光二极管的特征在精致的细节。然而,并发症和西姆斯的广泛运用的障碍,特别是对有机材料,是质谱的复杂性。为了帮助分析师,G-SIMS<gydF4y2Basup>2<gydF4y2Ba/sup>方法(从gentle-SIMS)开发简化光谱和提供直接解释基于模拟人生过程的物理和化学而不是统计分析技术,如主成分分析(PCA)或库匹配方法。这导致了一个家庭的方法“G”前缀,巧合地开始的同时,其他受欢迎的苹果产品的的家庭<gydF4y2Basup>®<gydF4y2Ba/sup>。本文提供了一个简短的介绍g家族。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <h2>G-SIMS<gydF4y2Ba/h2> <p>首先需要在西姆斯大纲的基本流程。主要离子通常数万keV能量影响表面沉积能量在几十纳米深度导致一个精力充沛的碰撞过程,这主要取决于离子能量,离子数量的原子,原子序数和样本的属性。二次离子从表面中解放出来,为有机物质,主要是支离破碎或结构叠。<一个href="#Ref1"><sup>1<gydF4y2Ba/sup></a>西姆斯的早期发展的有机材料,光谱库是开发“指纹”匹配。这些已经发展到覆盖大约一千种物质。最近的分析PubChem物质数据库(见<一个href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound<gydF4y2Ba/a>)显示,有超过7000万种物质的质量范围与西姆斯有关。因此,实验图书馆永远是有用的但包含一个非常有限的子集的材料。的质谱图1说明了这个问题一个工业抗氧化剂,Irganox 1010,一种酚类抗氧化剂用于聚合物工业,放在银板上。很明显,有很多山峰和逐步放大在越来越小的区域我们看到光谱的复杂性。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p><img alt src="//m.byopera.com/sites/default/files/articles/SIMS-24-6-F1.jpg" title="Figure 1. The positive-ion SIMS spectrum of a surface layer of Irganox 1010 molecules on silver (inset) illustrating the complexity of the mass spectrum. Note, for clarity, the inset only shows one molecule on the surface whereas the spectrum is for a monolayer of molecules."></p> <p>模拟人生过程的示意图如图2所示的表面覆盖着叶酸分子束25 keV Bi分析<gydF4y2Basup>+<gydF4y2Ba/sup>离子。一个单一的Bi的影响<gydF4y2Basup>+<gydF4y2Ba/sup>说明了离子(事实上,大约每秒一百万离子被解雇)从表面二次离子发射的。的影响有一个高的能量密度(色红)和二次离子发射大量分散的叶酸分子的组成部分。重组更稳定的结构也发生;这些往往是无处不在的离子没有诊断能力。能量密度几纳米的影响较低,所以更完整的碎片发出。这些区域之间的中间碎片发出。西姆斯的质谱是这些二次离子的总和,也就是,不幸的是,由的碎片离子谱复杂和难以解释,就像图1所示。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p><img alt src="//m.byopera.com/sites/default/files/articles/SIMS-24-6-F2.jpg" title="Figure 2. Schematic illustration of the SIMS process for one impact event on a surface covered with folic acid molecules."></p> <p>对于一个给定的能量条件的主要离子束(粒子原子序数和能源)将会有一个完整的人口特征和支离破碎的二次离子碎片。在更少的精力充沛的条件下,人口相对比较完整的碎片预计将增加,反之亦然。这种行为被发现的实验和开发的一种描述<gydF4y2Basup>2<gydF4y2Ba/sup>人口的碎片所描述的配分函数和特征表面温度,<gydF4y2Baem>T<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>p<gydF4y2Ba/sub>。G-SIMS理论<一个href="#Ref2"><sup>2<gydF4y2Ba/sup></a>显示两个光谱峰值强度<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>1<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>和<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>2<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>在质量<gydF4y2Baem>米<gydF4y2Basub>x<gydF4y2Ba/sub></em>获得离子束条件不同,因此不同的表面温度,<gydF4y2Baem>T<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>1<gydF4y2Ba/sub>和<gydF4y2Baem>T<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>(<gydF4y2Baem>T<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>1<gydF4y2Ba/sub><<gydF4y2Baem>T<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>),可以外推到一个新的频谱更低的温度。G-SIMS频谱,<gydF4y2Baem>G<gydF4y2Basub>x<gydF4y2Ba/sub></em>,只是计算<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p><img alt="SIMS-24-6-Eq1gydF4y2Ba" src="//m.byopera.com/sites/default/files/articles/SIMS-24-6-Eq1.jpg"></p> <p>在哪里<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>是一个指数的外推,被称为<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>指数。13通常,这有一个值和范围从1(即G-SIMS光谱实际上是高分段频谱)40(相当于一个非常低的频谱碎片条件)。在一个<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>值0 G-SIMS频谱有效的低分化状态。的质量,<gydF4y2Baem>米<gydF4y2Basub>x<gydF4y2Ba/sub>,<gydF4y2Ba/em>简单地扩展的强度在高质量的二次离子产量模拟人生过程较弱。G-SIMS频谱,结构最重要的离子明显突出的退化和重新安排碎片离子抑制。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>在实践中,G-SIMS需要两个光谱被收购,<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>1<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>和<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>2<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>低和高分段离子束条件下,分别。它最初被发现,这些碎片条件可以实现更强的差异如果使用两个不同的主要离子的质量而不是不同的能量。当时,铯主要离子<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>1<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>和氩离子<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>2 x<gydF4y2Ba/sub>是一个受欢迎的选择。图3显示了G-SIMS频谱为同一Irganox 1010材料与模拟人生频谱显示。很明显,G-SIMS频谱与峰值明显更容易理解与分子结构有关插图所示。G-SIMS已被成功地应用于各种各样的纯物质包括聚合物和复杂的分子。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p><img alt src="//m.byopera.com/sites/default/files/articles/SIMS-24-6-F3.jpg" title="Figure 3. The positive-ion G-SIMS spectrum of Irganox 1010 using 10 keV caesium and argon ions for the S1x and S2x spectra, respectively. The molecular structure of Irganox 1010 is shown inset and is labelled “M” in the peak assignment. The sub-structure C(CH3)3 is labelled “But”."></p> <p>的屏障G-SIMS表面分析社区的广泛运用是要求两个不同碎片离子光束产生适当的条件和需要空间注册(空间对齐)表面,这对异类样本尤为重要。最受欢迎的主要离子源是液态金属离子源,现在几乎每一个新的飞行时间销售西姆斯(ToF-SIMS)工具。最近,一种新型bismuth-manganese排放国<一个href="#Ref3"><sup>3<gydF4y2Ba/sup></a>被称为“G-tip”已经开发成一个受欢迎的液态金属离子源。这简化了校准和给优秀G-SIMS成像和光谱没有显著影响铋集群离子束的性能。半岛综合体育官方APP下载德甲G-SIMS现在已经成为访问许多分析师、软件计算G-SIMS光谱直接并入到一些供应商的软件。G-tip,<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>1<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>和<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>2<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>光谱获得Bi和锰离子、顺序。这是实现通过计算机控制没有任何特殊的调整和优化。事实上,在未来,它可能会产生G-SIMS光谱数据使用重复模式通过收购Bi离子紧随其后的是脉冲的脉冲锰离子。意外地是,在分析单原子主要离子源的特点生成G-SIMS光谱发现Bi和Mn的碎片给最大的区别<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>1<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>和<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>2<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>光谱给予最佳G-SIMS条件。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <h2>分离自始至终g-ogram样本<gydF4y2Ba/h2> <p>正如前面所讨论的,一个伟大的西姆斯是分析的优点是直接和具有良好的空间分辨率接近几百纳米。但是,缺乏通常的功能使用质谱分离方法,如色谱法或离子迁移率,结合大量分散的离子的光谱的复杂性意味着多组分的光谱的解释在西姆斯确实是非常具有挑战性的。高清成像的要求,说256×256像素,在大约10分钟分析时间地方重大限制仪器设计,使用方法,如离子迁移分离与飞行时间的毫秒是不相容的。显然,传统的液体和气体色谱法是根本不可能的。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>在方程(1)<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>索引允许在G-SIMS频谱碎片的数量,与值本质上<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>2<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>谱,收益率的值为0<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>1<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>光谱和高价值40频谱非常低的碎片。如果不同的物质需要特征碎片能量<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>实际上,索引是一个分离参数。这个概念是由Ogaki<gydF4y2Baem>et al。<gydF4y2Ba/em><a href="#Ref4"><sup>4<gydF4y2Ba/sup></a>表明,它可用于“色析法地”单独一个药物分子的质谱聚合物基质使用所谓的<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>-ogram。<一个href="#Ref4"><sup>4<gydF4y2Ba/sup></a>这是一个很大的进步,因为大多数技术重要的样品没有,当然,纯组件但通常是复杂的混合物与杂质和其他污染物。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>的<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>-ogram是一个强度的地图G-SIMS强度最大强度的每个值正常化<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>从1(高分化)到40(非常低分化)的增量0.1每个质量,<gydF4y2Baem>米<gydF4y2Basub>x<gydF4y2Ba/sub></em>。有效,这就像一个传统的色谱分离参数,<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>,相关的碎片离子形成的能量。对于每一个质量峰,<gydF4y2Baem>米<gydF4y2Basub>x<gydF4y2Ba/sub></em>,有垂直条纹的强度。那些明亮的开始和消失<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>增加(图像)的过程,涉及更多的能量和碎片。相反,那些黑暗的最初的山峰,然后成为明亮的更高<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>值的过程需要更少的能量和碎片。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p><img alt src="//m.byopera.com/sites/default/files/articles/SIMS-24-6-F4.png" title="Figure 4. Application of G-SIMS and g-ogram to a complex sample consisting of lysozyme on silicon wafer with contaminations (a) positive-ion SIMS spectrum using 25 keV Bi+ primary ions. The peaks are coloured red, green and blue for the conditions of –1 ≤ gmax < 1.7, 1.7 ≤ gmax < 3.4 and 3.4 ≤ gmax < 40 and are separated in (b), (c) and (d), respectively, as discussed in the text."></p> <p>最近,<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>Aoyagi -ogram方法应用<gydF4y2Baem>et al。<gydF4y2Ba/em><a href="#Ref5"><sup>5<gydF4y2Ba/sup></a>一个样本组成的硅片衬底上涂上的蛋白质溶菌酶和可能是一个或多个污染处理。正离子SIMS频谱使用Bi<gydF4y2Basup>+<gydF4y2Ba/sup>主要离子(<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>1<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>)如图4所示。峰值显示在三种颜色,我们稍后解释。频谱是复杂的,由离子从衬底,污染物和蛋白质。解决选民通过多元分析方法需要分析许多样品,在许多情况下,简单的不可用。相应的g-ogram如图5所示的计算<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>1<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>谱获得与Bi<gydF4y2Basup>+<gydF4y2Ba/sup>和<gydF4y2Baem>年代<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>2<gydF4y2Baem>x<gydF4y2Ba/em></sub>谱获得与Mn<gydF4y2Basup>+<gydF4y2Ba/sup>。一条水平线可以向上或向下移动的位置设定在一个值<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>9月<gydF4y2Ba/sub>。对于每一个峰,<gydF4y2Baem>米<gydF4y2Basub>x<gydF4y2Ba/sub></em>,有一个<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>价值,其强度最大,称为<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>max。<gydF4y2Ba/sub>很容易确定哪些山峰<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>马克斯<gydF4y2Ba/sub><<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>9月<gydF4y2Ba/sub>和这山峰<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>马克斯<gydF4y2Ba/sub>≥<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>9月<gydF4y2Ba/sub>。很明显,从图5,有两个乐队的山峰,一条水平线<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>9月<gydF4y2Ba/sub>= 3.4。进一步的检查<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>-ogram通过调整水平线显示第三分离<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>9月<gydF4y2Ba/sub>= 1.7<gydF4y2Baem></em>和计算机程序允许选择和质量三个乐队山峰的。在图4中,山峰的是红色,绿色和蓝色的条件1≤<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>马克斯<gydF4y2Ba/sub>< 1.7、1.7≤<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>马克斯<gydF4y2Ba/sub><≤3.4和3.4<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>马克斯<gydF4y2Ba/sub>< 40岁,分别和光谱的三个组件也分别绘制图4 (b)、(c)和(d)。图4中的频谱(红色)≤1<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>马克斯<gydF4y2Ba/sub>< 1.7由基质和特征碎片峰的著名的污染物polydimethysiloxane (PDMS)。这G-SIMS频谱的便利优势,显示后,过滤掉PDMS污染。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p><img alt src="//m.byopera.com/sites/default/files/articles/SIMS-24-6-F5.png" title="Figure 5. g-ogram of lysozyme on silicon wafer using 25 keV Bi+ and Mn primary ions for the S1x and S2x spectra, respectively. The horizontal line at g = 3.4 marks the boundary between substrate and contamination peaks above and protein peaks below."></p> <p>中间状态的频谱(绿色)≤1.7<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>马克斯<gydF4y2Ba/sub>182.18 < 3.4揭示了一个峰值在Da解释是dicyclohexylammonium盐或类似的污染。这是意想不到的,据信来自样品制备过程中的交叉污染。这个频谱还包含一个峰值130.07 Da从C<gydF4y2Basub>9<gydF4y2Ba/sub>H<gydF4y2Basub>8<gydF4y2Ba/sub>N<gydF4y2Basup>+<gydF4y2Ba/sup>与色氨酸(W)或从dicyclohexylammonium盐。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <p>第三个光谱为≤3.4(蓝色)<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em><sub>马克斯<gydF4y2Ba/sub>< 40包括所有预期的峰值在溶菌酶氨基酸。实际上,没有任何样本的先验知识或发展离子<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>-ogram方法分离光谱如图4所示(一)到三个关键组件;衬底和PDMS污染(红色),一个意想不到的污染物是解释dicyclohexylammonium或类似的还有一个峰值与色氨酸(绿色),和所有的山峰将文学的溶菌酶的氨基酸(蓝色)。再次检查图4 (a),现在颜色识别,揭示了复杂的光谱的峰值不同组件混合在一起。注意多元方法,如主成分分析,如果有一个合适的数据集,将难以分离以来的相关蛋白质峰,平均十倍或更多弱于其他二次离子。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <h2>G-SIMS和实质的信息识别<gydF4y2Ba/h2> <p>到目前为止,G-SIMS和<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>-ogram方法简化了质谱仅保留结构重要的离子也从混合物中分离出组件基于分段能量为每个组件。当然,这是一个分析师的主要推动力,在面对一个未知的材料。接下来的一步是可以,自动或半自动生成,使用信息学方法来确定物质。正如前面所讨论的那样,质谱仪用于模拟人生没有高质量的准确性或MS / MS功能(方法分解分子更小的组件)常见的高性能质谱仪用于物质的识别。自动识别的结果是一个挑战。然而,开发了两种有前途的方法来指导分析师基于G-SIMS光谱与MS / MS谱有一些相似之处。我们简要概述这些在下面。首先,一个方法是开发模拟碎片通路<一个href="#Ref6"><sup>6<gydF4y2Ba/sup></a>基于流行的简化molecular-input line-entry规范(微笑)分子结构格式。一个计算机程序开发的不良贷款(英国国家物理实验室)模拟碎片通路通过递归地打破所有债券债券以氢和芳香环除外。模拟碎片通路与实验碎片通路可能被改变<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>指标参数。1010年Irganox叶酸,缬氨酸、酪氨酸和一个简单的肽,valine-tyrosine-valine,发现大约90%的G-SIMS碎片通路可以解释。随后,这个方法已经发展成为一个碎片数据库称为G-DB1将直接从互联网访问。数据库可以直接链接到任何的免费化学数据库如PubChem ChemSpider, KEGG LipidMaps。第二种方法是使用G-SIMS光谱作为桥信息学方法开发MS / MS谱的代谢物,称为MetFrag。这是通过搜索PubChem, Chemspider和KEGG数据库对母体离子的质量考虑氢的增加或损失取决于电荷状态。候选分子分散,以类似的方式G-DB1,第二层次的分裂树。债券环系统是专门治疗。该算法考虑中性H的损失<gydF4y2Basub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>O、HCN, NH<gydF4y2Basub>3<gydF4y2Ba/sub>,CH<gydF4y2Basub>2<gydF4y2Ba/sub>O和HCOOH从碎片。键离解能量也计算。每个候选人的结果离子然后得分对关键的山峰和MS / MS谱强度。初步测试表明,这工作非常有效地在1010年Irganox G-SIMS光谱,叶酸,咖啡因,胆固醇和苯丙氨酸。这个方法是有前途的但对于有效利用需要大规模西姆斯仪器精度提高<一个href="#Ref7"><sup>7<gydF4y2Ba/sup></a>从典型的精度约50 ppm 5 ppm或更好,这是典型的质谱仪用于有机分析。这当然改进是可能的和新光谱仪的设计已经变得可用。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <h2>结论<gydF4y2Ba/h2> <p>二次离子质谱技术已成为一个强有力的分析技术为分析复杂的有机物。然而,质谱的复杂性而使光谱解释更困难,例如喷雾质谱,因此这是一个更广泛的吸收障碍。“G”家族的方法开发的不良贷款,与合作者,包括G-SIMS G-tip,<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>-ogram和G-DB1谱方法简化,G-SIMS成像,混合物的分离和联系信息的方法。更高的性能质谱仪设计现在正在开发改进集成与信息学方法和有效物质的识别。当加上惊人的3 d分子成像和最近的进步改善空间分辨率比50 nm,西姆斯的未来是非常令人兴奋!<gydF4y2Ba/p> <h2>确认<gydF4y2Ba/h2> <p>这项工作的一部分,由国家支持的化学和生物计量项目测量系统(NMS)的英国部门的业务创新和技能(BIS)。<gydF4y2Ba/p> <h2>引用<gydF4y2Ba/h2> <ol> <li><a name="Ref1" id="Ref1"></a>J.C. Vickerman安全火花型吉尔摩,<gydF4y2Baem>表面分析的主要技术<gydF4y2Ba/em>,2<gydF4y2Basup>nd<gydF4y2Ba/sup>经济日报。威利(2009)。doi:<一个href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470721582">10.1002 / 9780470721582<gydF4y2Ba/a></li> <li><a name="Ref2" id="Ref2"></a>安全火花型吉尔摩和议员Seah对unfragmented静态模拟人生:质量spectra-the G-SIMS程序”,<gydF4y2Baem>达成。冲浪。科学。<gydF4y2Ba/em>161年,465 - 480 (2000)。doi:<一个href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332%2800%2900317-2">10.1016 / s0169 - 4332 (00) 00317 - 2<gydF4y2Ba/a></li> <li><a name="Ref3" id="Ref3"></a>F.M.绿色,f . Kollmer e . Niehuis安全火花型吉尔摩和议员Seah“成像G-SIMS:小说bismuth-manganese源排放国”,<gydF4y2Baem>快速Commun。质量范围。<gydF4y2Ba/em>22日,2602 - 2608 (2008)。doi:<一个href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.3648">10.1002 / rcm.3648<gydF4y2Ba/a></li> <li><a name="Ref4" id="Ref4"></a>核磁共振亚历山大r . Ogaki安全火花型Gilmore F.M.绿色,贝拉戴维斯和J.L.S.李,“两个组件的表面质谱药物-聚合物间系统:新型色谱分离方法使用gentle-secondary离子质谱(G-SIMS)”,<gydF4y2Baem>肛交。化学。<gydF4y2Ba/em>83年,3627 - 3631 (2011)。doi:<一个href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac200347a">10.1021 / ac200347a<gydF4y2Ba/a></li> <li><a name="Ref5" id="Ref5"></a>s . Aoyagi安全火花型Gilmore历经甲级,议员Seah I.W.弗莱彻,“识别和分离蛋白质、污染物和衬底使用gentle-secondary离子质谱和山峰<gydF4y2Baem>g<gydF4y2Ba/em>-ogram”,<gydF4y2Baem>快速Commun。质量范围。<gydF4y2Ba/em>26日,2815 - 2821 (2012)。doi:<一个href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6409">10.1002 / rcm.6409<gydF4y2Ba/a></li> <li><a name="Ref6" id="Ref6"></a>F.M.绿色、E.J.戴尔、安全火花型吉尔摩和议员Seah,“识别复杂的分子在表面:G-SIMS和微笑碎片通路”,<gydF4y2Baem>Int。j .质量范围。<gydF4y2Ba/em>272年,38-47 (2008)。doi:<一个href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2007.12.016">10.1016 / j.ijms.2007.12.016<gydF4y2Ba/a></li> <li><a name="Ref7" id="Ref7"></a>F.M.绿色、安全火花型吉尔摩和议员Seah”,质谱和信息学:PubChem数据库中分布的分子质量和一般要求精度在表面分析”,<gydF4y2Baem>肛交。化学。<gydF4y2Ba/em>83年,3239 - 3243 (2012)。doi:<一个href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac200067s">10.1021 / ac200067s<gydF4y2Ba/a></li> </ol> </div> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="//m.byopera.com/article/g-sims-powerful-method-simplifying-and-interpretation-complex-secondary-ion-mass-spectra" data-a2a-title="G-SIMS: a powerful method for 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